These have been changed. Originally they were only available within a thread and would link to the next or previous thread.
They are now available on any page that has a list of pages. That means topic listing in boards, recent posts pages, unread posts pages, memberlist, etc, etc.
Rather than going to the next thread they now, of course, go to the next page of whatever you are looking at.
This was necessary for the mobile theme since the same sources file does the page index for all themes. With the mobile theme you have no chance of hitting a tiny page number with your finger when you want the next page. A bigger link is what is needed, so that's how it's coded now.
Also, even on the standard sized themes when using a mouse you no longer have to select the exact number for the next page. Just roughly aim at the big "Next page" link and you're good to go.
ETA: And before anyone asks, the "Next page>>" and "<<Previous page" links will only show if there is more than one page.
The "Next page>>" also only shows if you are not already on the last page.
The "<<Previous page" only shows if you are not already on the first page.